Tuesday, April 29, 2014
Pakistan’s Nuclear Programme
- Origin.
- Weapon development.
- Nuclear tests.
- Nuclear force
- Nuclear doctrine/policy.
- Command and control system.
- Nuclear power production.
- Nuclear power plants.
- Peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
- Nuclear safety measures.
- Discrimination by the NSG.
Origin
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was set up in 1956 so that it could participate in the Atoms for Peace programme launched by U.S. President Eisenhower. In 1960, the U.S. gave Pakistan a $350,000 grant to help prepare the country for its first research reactor which America agreed to supply two years later. This reactor, a 5 MW light-water research reactor known as the Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor (PARR-1), began operating in 1965 at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH)in Nilore, near Islamabad. In 1963, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became the foreign minister, carrying his interest in nuclear capabilities into office with him. He watched with growing concern as China moved closer to nuclear capability, and in response India’s domestic rhetoric on the subject grew more bellicose. In 1971, the Canadian General Electric Co. completed a 137 MW (electrical) CANDU power reactor for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) which went critical in August 1971 and began commercial operation in October 1972.
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Monday, April 28, 2014
FIRST 40 ARTICLES OF CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN:
FIRST 40 ARTICLES OF CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN:
1. The Republic and its territories
2. Islam to be State religion
2A. The Objectives Resolution to form part of substantive provisions
3. Elimination of exploitation
4. Right of individuals to be dealt with in accordance with law, etc.
5. Loyalty to State and obedience to Constitution and law
6. High treason
7. Definition of the State
8. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of fundamental rights to be void
9. Security of person
10. Safeguards as to arrest and detention 10A. Right to fair trial
11. Slavery, forced labor, etc., prohibited
12. Protection against retrospective punishment
13. Protection against double punishment and self incrimination
14. Inviolability of dignity of man, etc.
15. Freedom of movement, etc.
16. Freedom of assembly
17. Freedom of association
18. Freedom of trade, business or profession
19. Freedom of speech, etc
20. Freedom to profess religion and to manage religious institutions
21. Safeguard against taxation for purposes of any particular religion
22. Safeguards as to educational institutions in respect of religion, etc
23. Provision as to property
24. Protection of property rights
25. Equality of citizens
26. Non-discrimination in respect of access to public places
27. Safeguard against discrimination in services
28. Preservation of language, script and culture
29. Principles of Policy
30. Responsibility with respect to Principles of Policy
31. Islamic way of life
32. Promotion of local Government institutions
33. Parochial and other similar prejudices to be discouraged
34. Full participation of women in national life
35. Protection of family, etc.
36. Protection of minorities
37. Promotion of social justice and eradication of social evils
38. Promotion of social and economic well-being of the people
39. Participation of people in Armed Forces
40. Strengthening bonds with Muslim world and promoting international peace.
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